太阳能可以消除一些由地理和地形造成的经济劣势 。

Sand (the main ingredient in silicon) is also present virtually everywhere.

沙子(硅的主要成分)也几乎无处不在 。

Software is border-less and can be replicated virtually instantaneously at zero marginal cost.

软件是无国界的 ， 几乎可以在瞬间复制 ， 边际成本为零 。

The implications of this shift to a world of plenty
这种向富裕世界转变的影响
Back in the late 19th century economic output and wealth were determined far more by the ownership and acquisition of finite goods like land and oil and playing this game is much more zero-sum and winner-take-all. Hence Colonialism as the dominant ethos of that era[3
.
早在19世纪晚期 ， 经济产出和财富更多地取决于对土地和石油等有限商品的所有权和获取 ， 玩这个游戏更像是零和和赢者通吃 。 因此 ， 殖民主义是那个时代的主导精神[3
。
But today economic output and wealth are increasingly tied to the invention and proliferation of non-finite goods like semiconductors and software. These are products and services that are created primarily by unleashing the productivity of human capital/ingenuity.
但今天 ， 经济产出和财富越来越多地与半导体和软件等非有限产品的发明和扩散联系在一起 。 这些产品和服务主要是通过释放人力资本/创造力的生产力而创造的 。
There are several major implications of this shift:
这种转变有以下几个主要影响:

1. Technology and knowledge are much more difficult to hoard than physical commodities. It is relatively easy to copy software or a design but impossible to create a barrel of oil out of thin air.
2. 技术和知识比实物商品更难囤积 。 复制软件或设计相对容易 ， 但凭空创造一桶油是不可能的 。
3. It is easy to use military might to accumulate or protect physical resources. This strategy is far less effective with technology and knowledge-based non-finite-type resources.
4. 使用军事力量来积累或保护物质资源是很容易的 。 对于技术和知识为基础的非有限型资源 ， 这一策略的效果要差得多 。
5. The very nature of how the technology frontier is advanced and how technology is proliferated relies on people talking to one another to come up with new and novel ways of doing things.
6. 技术前沿是如何发展的 ， 技术是如何扩散的 ， 其本质依赖于人们相互交流 ， 提出新的、新颖的做事方法 。
7. Collaboration and partnership are more effective in today’s game than taking an adversarial approach.
8. 在今天的游戏中 ， 合作和伙伴关系比对抗更有效 。
9. Because much of technology/knowledge-based wealth can be created literally out of thin air even the relative losers can be much better off in absolute terms.
10. 因为很多基于技术/知识的财富都可以凭空创造出来 ， 所以即使是相对的输家 ， 从绝对价值上来说也会好得多 。

Modern technology has modified the rules of the game and maintaining leadership means recognizing those rules and adapting to them.
现代技术已经修改了游戏规则 ， 保持领导地位意味着认识到这些规则并适应它们 。
Maintaining technology leadership in a “non-finite” world
在“非有限”的世界中保持技术领先地位
There is little debate about the United States’ dominant position in technology leadership today. The question in my mind is how we maintain this position. The following are some of the principles that I think we need to follow.
美国在当今科技领域的主导地位是毋庸置疑的 。 我脑子里的问题是我们如何维持这一地位 。 以下是我认为我们需要遵循的一些原则 。
2017年 ， 达芬奇手术机器人系统在中国合肥的一家医院进行心脏手术

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